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Ohiri Innocent
Author, Writer, Actor, LecturerOne Man. One Mission. Can He Go Beyond?One Man. One Mission. Can He Go Beyond?
THEATRE
AND
BROADCASTING
MANAGEMENT
© 2005 INNOCENT OHIRI
ISBN 978 – 37602 – 4 – 6
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Lilino Ventures Publishers Nigeria and the author.
Published by
LILINO VENTURES PUBLISHERS.
Owerri 183A Douglas Road
Owerri
Imo State
Nigeria.
Port Harcourt No. 2 Water Works Road
Rumuola
Port Harcourt
Rivers State
Nigeria.
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THEATRE
AND
BROADCASTING
MANAGEMENT
INNOCENT CHINYERE OHIRI
To
DARLING
OGOCHUKWU,
AMARACHUKWU,
UCHECHUKWU
(Shalom Baby)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to acknowledge the wealth of information or data that I got from the contributions of some renowned writers on Theatre and Broadcasting. The works that provided valid data and have therefore been related to theatre practice include those by I. E. Sagay, C. C. Nwachukwu and Dom Baridam. Others are the works of Allan Birmingham, Michael Talbot – Smith, John Symons, Ken Angold Smith, H. Ekwuazi, J. Sokomba, O. Mgbejume, J. O. Asein, E. E. Oviehghara to mention but a few. Some of these scholars edited the books that were found very useful. I also acknowledge the data I got from the Nigerian Television Authority Handbook and Administrative Manual. Finally, I remain very grateful to my students whose eagerness to learn gave me greater inspiration to write. I remain very grateful to my “personal persons” who missed my stories and jokes during the period of my research and documentation. This book is the opportunity cost of the jokes that they missed from “darling” and “Daddy”. I cannot thank them enough if I do not dedicate this work to them.
PREFACE
With the increasing scope of Theatre and Broadcasting, it has become very imperative for theatre practitioners to possess a good knowledge of their management.
Radio and television studies form part of theatre studies in all the Universities in Nigeria. These universities have consequently produced many graduates of film, radio and television studies. The inclusion of film, radio and television studies into Theatre Arts curriculum is justified by the fact that all we watch on television are “recorded theatre”. Also are the celluloid and home video films that form part of television broadcasting.
In view of the importance of theatre and broadcasting, it is very necessary to contribute to the knowledge of their management without which there will be neither theatre practice nor broadcasting. This book, Theatre and Broadcasting Management, is a sincere endeavour to achieve the above objective. In this volume, attempts have been made to appraise different aspects of theatre management like theatre contracts, theatre management theories, skills and systems. The book contains an appraisal of theatre ethics, rules and conventions on which the quality of a production depends. It examines the management of television broadcasting with emphasis on the Nigerian experience. Areas that are very relevant to both theatre management and broadcasting are also discussed. Such areas include Copyright, Censorship and Production Codes. Enough light is thrown on the challenges of programme production and management. Also appraised, for the sake of versatility, are the disparities between a stage production and its adaptation on television.
It is hoped that this book will be of immense importance to university students, research scholars and broadcasters.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication - - - i
Acknowledgements - - - ii
Preface - - - iii
CHAPTER ONE
THEATRE AND BROADCASTING
MANAGEMENT: A CONCISE SURVEY.
Theatre and Broadcasting Management -
History of Radio: Nigeria Experience -
The Management of Television Broadcasting in Nigeria
The Programmes Division: Programme Production and Management - - - - -
Production Codes, Rules and Guidelines -
Recording on Location and Studio -
Studio Discipline - - - -
CHAPTER TWO
THEATRE CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS
Contracts - - - -
Simple Theatre Contracts - - -
Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts - -
The Elements of a Valid Contract - -
Consideration - - - -
Contracts in the theatre - - -
Contract with Landlords -
Contract with Staff - - Contract with Performers -
Contract with Playwrights -
Contract with Financiers -
Contract with the State -
Cultural Policy for Nigeria - - -
Film Policy for Nigeria - - -
Administration of the Film Industry -
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Financing the Film Industry - -
CHAPTER THREE
THEATRE MANAGEMENT THEORIES, SKILLS, SYSTEMS AND STYLES.
Theories - - - - -
Hierarchy of Needs Theory - - -
Expectancy Theory - - - -
Universal Design Theory - - -
Contingency Theory of Theatre Organization
Trait Theory - - - - -
The Behavioural Theory - - -
The Life Cycle Theory - - -
Theory X - - - - -
Theory Y - - - - -
Skills - - - - -
Systems: Management by Objectives (MBO)
Styles: Autocratic Style - - -
The Laissez-faire Style - -
The Democratic Style - -
CHAPTER FOUR
COPYRIGHT
Copyright: Definition and Meaning -
Other Types of Protection:
Trademark, Patent, Industrial Design
The Importance of Copyright - -
Works Protected by Copyright - -
Rights Granted - - - -
Nature of Copyright - - - -
Performer’s Rights, Moral Rights - -
Duration of Copyright - - -
Copyright Infringement - - -
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CHAPTER FIVE
CENSORSHIP
Censorship: Definition and Meaning - -
Stage Production Ethics - - - -
Censorship of TV Programmes and Films - -
Classification Symbols - - - -
CHAPTER SIX
INVESTIGATING THE DISCREPANCIES IN STAGE AND TELEVISION DESIGNS FOR NO CONFUSION: A QUEST FOR VERSATILITY
Design: Definition - - - - -
CHAPTER SEVEN
THE PRODUCER AND THE CHALLENGES OF PROGRAMME PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Research or Feasibility Study - - -
Securing Production Materials and Right - -
Preparation of a Proposal - - - -
Tryout - - - - - -
Rehearsals - - - - - -
Designing for the Television - - -
Costuming - - - - - -
Make-up - - - - - -
Lighting - - - - - -
Shooting for Television - - - -
Taking the Shots - - - - -
Artiste and Crew Control - - - -
Editing - - - - - -
Programme Management - - - -
BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - - -
Financing the film industry - -
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It is hoped that this book will be of immense importance to university students and other scholars of good repute. Researchers and broadcasters will also find this book very useful.
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CHAPTER ONE
THEATRE AND BROADCASTING MANAGEMENT:
A CONCISED SURVEY
Theatre Management, simply put, is the management of the human and material resources of the theatre in order to inform, educate and entertain. It is the art and science of mobilizing and harmonizing human and material resources of the theatre, in appropriate combinations, into a whole – a production and theatre business – that can inform, educate, entertain as well as maximize profit (Innocent Ohiri 1991:1). Of course, there are as many definitions of theatre management as there are theatre managers and practitioners who belong to either the commercial or the artistic areas of the theatre.
The staff in the commercial area includes the theatre manager, the business manager, the box office treasurers, the publicity manager and the house manager. These officers have assistants who ensure that work goes on in their absence. These include assistant public relations manager, assistant house manager and assistant box office manager. These assistants work with the publicity crew, the public relations crew, the house management crew and the box office treasurers. The members of each crew remain loyal to both the assistants and the substantive officers. The job of theatre management is, however, not for only these officers alone.
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THEATRE STAFF
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Artistic Staff |
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Administrative/Commercial staff |
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Director |
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Actors/Actresses |
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Stage Manager |
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Ast. Stage Manager |
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Designers |
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Stage Designers, Sound Effect/Music Designer |
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Costume Designer |
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Theatre Manager Business Manager |
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Publicity Manager |
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Box Officer Treasurer
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House Manager |
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Ticket Sellers
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Security Men Ushers Bouncers, Concessionaires, Gardeners. |
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Stage Hands |
Figure 1: Theatre Staff.
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EXECUTIVE MANAGING DIRECTOR/ BOARD OF DIRECTORS |
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THEATRE MANAGER |
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BUSINESS MANAGER |
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PUBLICITY MANAGER |
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PUBLIC RELATION MANAGER |
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HOUSE MANAGER |
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ASSISTANT PUBLICITY MANAGER |
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ASSISTANT PUBLIC RELATION MANAGER |
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ASSISTANT HOUSE MANAGER |
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PUBLICITY CREW |
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PUBLIC RELATION OFFICERS |
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HOUSE MANAGEMENT CREW |
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BOX OFFICE MANAGER |
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ASSISTANT BOX OFFICE MANAGER |
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BOX OFFICE TREASURE |
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TICKET SELLERS |
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CLEANERS |
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DOORMEN |
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TICKET TAKERS |
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USHERS |
